By George KULCHYCKY 

From the book of Mykhailo I. Braichevskyi " Annexation or Reunification", 1974

INTRODUCTION 
While the rest of Europe lived in relative peace and stability. Ukraine suffered serious setbacks and defeats at the hands of the Mongol horde. Situated on the periphery of Europe, Ukraine was always a defence against the westward-moving nomads. When the Mongols were expelled from Europe, Ukraine had fallen under the rule of Lithuania. Shortly, however, through a marriage between Prince Jagajlo of Lithuania and Queen Jadwiga of Poland, Ukraine was transferred to the Polish crown. 
Unlike Lithuania, Poland instituted cruel repressions against the Ukrainian people. Feudalism and the inquisition were introduced. People of the Orthodox faith were persecuted and churches were closed. While exacting much from the populace, the Poles were un- able to protect their subjects from the attacks of Crimean Tartars and the Turks, who made periodic attacks on Ukraine. 
In 1550 many Ukrainians who fled beyond the Dnieper cataracts (Zaporozhia) established the Sich, which became a haven for adven- turers and fugitives from landlords. Being themselves of the Orthodox faith, they were soon regarded as the protectors of that faith. As warriors the Kozaks, as they were called, were second to none. They were able to frustrate Turkish plans and to harass their efforts in establishing Turkish supremacy in Ukraine. Adept horsemen, the Kozaks were able to fight and, in most cases, defeat the Turks and Tartars at a time when the rest of Europe was successfully being routed by the Ottoman Empire. Often the Turks and Tartars attacked Ukraine and procured from that area slaves for the slave markets of Turkey. The Zaporozhian Kozaks were able to curb many such raids by attacking Turkish fortresses and towns in Crimea as well as the mainland of Turkey and Istanbul. To curb the Kozak expeditions against the Ottoman Empire the Turks built two fortresses: Akerman near the Dnieper River, and Ochakiv near the Dnieper delta. In spite of this, the Kozaks still managed to continue their attacks against the Turkish fleet and the Ottoman Empire. In fast boats called "chaiky" or "baidaky" the Kozaks managed to rescue many of the Christian slaves from Turkish bondage.
By 1648, the time of the Ukrainian Kozak Revolution (War of Liberation), the Zaporozhians had become a formidable force. Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, wishing to free Ukraine from Polish rule, was able to drive the Poles out of Ukraine by using Zaporozhian Kozaks and Ukrainian mercenary Kozaks who defected from the Poles at the Battle of Zhovti Vody. Having expelled the Poles from Ukraine, Bohdan Khmelnytsky tried to consolidate his power. One of his mistakes was that he prevented the Kozaks from completely anni- hilating Poland. It should be pointed out that Poland at this time was very weak and exhausted from wars with Turkey and neighbouring countries. She was able to recuperate within a short time and once again with the use of mercenaries and Tartar hordes, resume the invasion of Ukrainian lands. 
Beset with these troubles, Khmelnytskyi now sought an ally that would help him establish a strong Ukraine. The most obvious choice was, of course, Russia. She not only had a large army and was an enemy of Poland, but she was also Orthodox, and thus regarded by Ukrainians as a "sister" nation. This "ally" eventually caused Khmelnytskyi and his followers to reappraise their ties with Russia, and eventually forced the Ukrainian Hetmans to seek help from Turkey, a non-Christian power. 

FROM PEREIASLAV (1654) TO ANDRUSOVO (1667) 
In 1654, the Ukrainian government under Khmelnytskyi approach- ed the Tsar and signed the Treaty of Pereiaslav. By this treaty Ukraine in effect became the vassal state of Muscovy. Russia by this treaty permitted Ukraine to have an army of 60,000 Kozaks, collect its own taxes, pick its own Hetman, and have its own administration. In return the Ukrainians bound themselves to inform the Tsar of their foreign relations, to permit a Russian garrison in Kiev, and to guarantee Russian courts and government supremacy over similar Ukrainian institutions.
Russia, now, as "protector" of Ukraine, declared war on Poland. When the throne of Poland became vacant in 1656, the Poles offered the Tsar the crown. Khmelnytskyi, aware of possible implications from such an arrangement, now sought to break with the Russians. He became extremely sensitive to the danger that was looming in the person of the Tsar. In 1657, therefore, I. Vyhovskyi, Khmelnytskyi's successor, became vassal of the king of Sweden, who by now was planning a partition of Poland.
Well versed in Ukrainian politics, Ivan Vyhovskyi pursued the course set by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi. He saw the danger that Russia posed for Ukraine and approached the Poles with a proposition that Ukraine be admitted as a free state within the Polish Kingdom Bv the Treaty of Hadiach (1658) Ukraine was to become the "Grand Duchy of Rus." It would have its own ministers and treasury would be represented m the Polish Seim (General Assembly), Orthodoxy would be recognized on an equal basis with Roman Catholicism, and it would be allowed to maintain an army of 40,000 Kozaks.
With the signing of this treaty the Ukrainians, allied with Poland and the khanate of Crimea, marched against Russia in 1659, soundly defeating the latter at the Battle of Konotop. 
Once the Russians were expelled from Ukraine, Vyhovskyi resigned because of the opposition of many Kozak leaders, who felt that signing the Treaty of Hadiach had been a mistake. Once again the Kozaks elected Yurii Khmelnytskyi as Hetman of Ukraine. Sensing the unpopularity of the Polish alliance, Yurii once more turned to Russia. He and his advisor, Metropolitan Tukalsky of Kiev, hoped to keep Ukraine united, remove the Poles from Ukraine, and keep Russian influence in Ukraine at a minimum. The Russians, aware of his designs, captured Khmelnytskyi and made him sign the second Treaty of Pereiaslav (1659), by which he promised to be responsible to the Tsar, allow more Russian "voyevods" in Ukraine, and cede the lands of Byelorussia to Moscow. Having suffered such a humiliating setback, Yurii Khmelnytskyi became a monk, and was shortly interned by the Poles at the fortress of Morenburg together with Metropolitan Tukalsky. 
Ukraine was now split into two banks, the Right Bank under Hetman Pavlo Teteria, and the Left Bank under Hetman Ivan Briukhovetskyi. Thus the Right Bank fell under the influence of Poland while the Left Bank was to an extent controlled by the Russians. Briukhovetskyi, Hetman of the Left Bank, in the Treaty of Baturyn (1663) agreed to supply the Russian garrisons with food and consented to prevent exportation of whiskey and other goods that were a Russian monopoly. Under Briukhovetskyi, Ukraine, as it can be seen from the next treaty signed in Moscow, became more subservient to Russia. He was the first of the Hetmans to go personally to Moscow to receive a Russian title. While in Russia he signed the Treaty of Moscow (1665), which stipulated that Ukraine was no longer allowed to keep its taxes, could not send envoys to foreign powers without the Tsar's consent, and had to accept a Russian as Metropolitan of Kiev.
The year 1667 marks the turning point in Ukrainian politics. In this year the Poles and Russians signed the Treaty of Andrusovo which permanently divided Ukraine into areas of Polish and Russian influence. The Kozaks were not even allowed any representatives at the negotiation leading to the signing of this treaty. This forced even a pro-Russian like Briukhoveskyi to re-examine his policies towards Russia and to seek a rapprochement with the Hetman of the Right Bank, who by now was Petro Doroshenko. It may be seen from all the previously mentioned treaties and the developments that ensued that Russia was getting a stronger grip on Ukrainian affairs and on Ukraine. One can also note that, with the exception of Briukhovetskyi, all the previous Hetmans were for the weakening of Russian influence in Ukraine, and that there was definitely a certain consistency in their relations with Russia. 

HETMAN P. DOROSHENKO, HIS PLANS AND STRUGGLE FOR POWER
Hetman Petro Doroshenko, grandson of the Zaporozhian Hetman, Mykhailo Doroshenko, was well versed in diplomacy and military science. Under Bohdan Khmelnytskyi he served as Secretary of Artillery in 1648, and later as an officer in the war in Moldavia. Living in Chyhyryn, at that time the capital of Ukraine, Doroshenko became acquainted with the methods and trends of Ukrainian politics. He was soon appointed envoy to Poland and Sweden and, after Pavlo Teteria died, Doroshenko was elected Hetman of the Right Bank Ukraine on the eleventh of January, 1666.
Doroshenko ruled at a time when Russia wished to extend her influence into Ukraine. Russian encroachments on Ukrainian rights and the furthering of their influence worried Doroshenko and caused him to adopt a policy that had been propagated both by Khmelnytskyi and Vyhovskyi before him. He found himself in a dilemma, however. To choose Poland as an ally would mean earning the enmity of anti-Polish groups, which were strong at the time. On the other hand, to stay with Russia would mean further abbrogation of Ukrainian rights and eventual collapse of the Ukrainian Kozak state. His plan, therefore, consisted in uniting Ukraine into one cohesive entity, forcing the Russian garrisons out of Ukraine and reconquering traditional Ukrainian lands from Poland.
Hetman Doroshenko received his strongest support and inspiration from Metropolitan Tukalsky of Kiev and his two capable brothers, Andrii and Hryhorii. He buttressed his rule by aligning himself with the Tartars and, when the Treaty of Andrusovo became known, he began discussing with Istanbul the question of vassalage under the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Andrusovo divided Ukraine into a Polish and a Russian sphere of influence. The Zaporozhians according to this treaty were to serve both Poland and Russia whenever help was requested by either one. Doroshenko exploited this situation, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the people. Through his agents he was able to spread the rumor that soon Poland, Russia, and Crimea would form an alliance to destroy the Zaporozhian Sich. Ukraine now expressed its discontent with the Russo-Polish machinations. Sirko, a leader of the Kozaks, led a revolt against Russia in 1668. In the same year the Zaporozhians killed the Russian and Tartar envoys to the Sich. This hatred against the Poles and Russians in effect diverted Ukrainian hate from the Turks and made rapprochement between Turkey and Ukraine possible. 
Having set the stage for friendlier relations with Turkey, Doroshenko now wrote to Hetman Briukhovetskyi and asked him to join in a common effort against Polish and Russian encroachments. In his letter he reprimanded Briukhovetskyi's past behaviour and his pro-Russian activities in the following manner: "The type of leader that you are to your people, Ivan, should be put on trial before God and man. The nation which entrusted its fate to you lost an unmeasurable amount of blood for its liberty while you became rich. What kind of liberty does it have now?" In a further passage of his letter Doroshenko hints at an alliance with the Turks, "If you do not have the strength or the courage, and if there is no Christian justice, then you can try the help of infidels." Doroshenko compared Briukhovetskyi to a shepherd who held the cow while others milked it. He further stated: "I am ready to sacrifice everything for the nation, even my life, but I can not leave our people in bondage. I can not even bear to think of such an act."
This seemed to have some effect on Hetman Briukhovetskyi, for in 1668, he dispatched General Secretary Stephan Hrechanyi to Crimea and Hryhorii Hamalia to Istanbul. Shortly Hetman Doroshenko also dispatched his envoys to Istanbul in the person of Chief Justice Bilohrud, Potianko and other Kozak leaders. After the revolt of Sirko the Tsar decided to send 1,000 "streltzi" (Russian soldiers) into Ukraine. This moved Hetman Briukhovetskyi into action. His officers and Kozaks now proceded to kill Russian boyars and to expel their garrisons from Ukraine. Briukhovetskyi then exchanged loyalty oaths with the Nogai Tartars under Cheli-bey, who came to his assistance. After these developments, Doroshenko crossed over into the Left Bank and met Briukhovetskyi at Hadiach. However, once the armies were united, Briukhovetskyi was attacked and killed by his own officers who opposed his previous close cooperation with Russia. 
For a while Doroshenko was able to unite Ukraine again. However, due to Polish agitation as well as Tartar unreliability, Ukraine once again became disunited. The Tartars now supported Sukhovyi, one time envoy to Crimea from the Zaporozhian Sich. Sukhovii had the aid of 100,000 Tartars under the command of Kalha-Saltan Krym Girey. A battle was fought between the pro-Doroshenko and pro-Sukhovii forces in which the pro-Doroshenko army was victorious, due to the capable leadership of Doroshenko's brother Hryhorii and the last-minute assisance of the Zaporozhian Kozaks under Sirko. 
When Doroshenko departed for the Right Bank he left Demian Mnohohrishny in charge of the Left Bank of Ukraine. Mnohohrishny, however, proclaimed himself Hetman of this area. This led to further complications, and Doroshenko once again was forced to enter into a fratricidal war. 
The opportunism and the desire for self-advancement of certain adventurers led Ukraine to undergo a period called "Ruina" (ruin). During this time the Poles, Tartars and later Russians ravaged Ukraine. In spite of this, Doroshenko was able to overcome these difficulties and to lead Ukraine into closer relations with the Sublime Porte. 

TURKISH INTERESTS IN UKRAINE 
The Turkish thrusts into Ukraine marked the height of Turkish expansion. The Ottoman Empire by that time had virtually surrounded itself with vassal states which were very effective as buffer states against the newly emerging powers. The Sultan looked apprehensively at the developments in Ukraine and saw the danger of Russian expansion. During the war with Poland, Russia patrolled the Black Sea. The Ottomans regarded the Black Sea as a Turkish lake. They therefore hoped to contain Russia by separating Ukraine from Rus- sian influence and thus cut them off from the Black Sea. Because the Ukrainian Kozaks were always the enemies of Turks and Tartars, and because they constantly harassed Crimea, a Turkish vassal state, as well as Turkey proper, the Ottomans hoped to win them over by supporting anti-Russian and anti-Polish feelings in Ukraine and thus diverting the Kozak attacks from herself and Crimea. 
Prior to this, in 1667, the Turks dispatched a special naval expedi- tion into Ukraine and demanded that the Tsar punish the Kozaks, who were causing havoc in the Ottoman-controlled areas. By 1668, after the Treaty of Andrusovo became known, however, their attitude was reversed and they now sought avenues by which they could cooperate with the Zaporozhians. The Treaty of Andrusovo, as it was already pointed out, divided Ukraine into two parts. With the end of Polish-Russian hostilities the Sultan feared a possible rapprochement between the two former enemies. Thus this treaty threatened Turkish plans of aggression in the west and in the north. Turkey now more than ever before needed a strong buffer state to separate her from Russia.
When Doroshenko's envoys approached the Sultan with the proposi tion of accepting Ukraine under his protection, he was more than willing to do so. Mohammed IV saw the many advantages that could be gained from such an arrangement. He would not only create a buffer state against Russia, but he would also receive an ally who could provide troops, revenue, new converts to Islam, and, most important of all, could eliminate Kozak attacks on Turkey and Crimea. 
Although Turkey was pleased with Doroshenko's overtures, the Crimean Tartars followed a policy of their own. Unlike Turkey they did not want to see Ukraine as a Turkish vassal state. They had hoped that Ukraine would pass under their influence. Once the arrangement between Ukraine and Turkey was worked out, however, Crimea had to submit to the wishes of the Sultan. This occurred only after the removal of several anti-Doroshenko Khans. 

DOROSHENKO BECOMES THE VASSAL OF MOHAMMED IV 
At the time that Doroshenko became vassal of the Sublime Porte he did not end discussions with either the Poles or the Russians. Moscow offered Doroshenko full backing and wished to extend her "protectorate" over Ukraine. Doroshenko realized, of course, what the Muscovites were attempting to do. He demanded that the Russians withdraw their garrisons and live up to their treaties. As is obvious, nothing came of these talks because neither was willing to yield. The Poles, however, did not lose hope. They were aware of the fact that since 1666 Doroshenko had had secret discussions with the Turks. In 1667, Zlotnicki and Lichoviezki, Polish envoys to the Porte, wrote: "Kozak envoys arrived in Bakchesarai in the person of Iarosh and a translator from Uman bringing letters from Doroshenko."
Jan Sobieski, the Polish military leader, in his correspondence with Doroshenko urged him to join the Poles. Doroshenko suggested a plan in which he asked that the Poles return the old privileges of the Kozaks, recognize the Orthodox Church as equal with the Catholic Church, and grant other concessions. Being a diplomat, Doroshenko always gave both the Russians and Poles a faint hope that favourable terms could be worked out. After Briukhovetskyi's death Doroshenko wrote a letter to the Poles which gives one the idea that he is a protector of Polish interests. In this letter he stated: 
"In the meantime, in the name of God I am going against Moscow and will watch carefully so that we can expel the enemy from the King's lands and turn them over into the hands of the King"
This letter was written after several conflicts had already taken place between the Poles and the Ukrainians. In 1668, one year before Doroshenko became a vassal of Turkey, Sobieski was already aware of Doroshenko's designs. In one of his letters he wrote: "From the Kozaks we can expect no help because Doroshenko has already given himself under Turkish protection."
After Doroshenko defeated Sukhovii, the Poles then elevated Khanenko, an opportunist, to the post of Hetman of Zaporozhia. As will be shown later, this caused Doroshenko to carry on a war with both Poland and Khanenko at the same time. 
Since 1666, Doroshenko looked toward Wallachia and Moldavia and was impressed with the amount of freedom that they had as vassals of the Sultan. In 1668, therefore, Doroshenko sent a special envoy to Constantinople offering the Sultan his fealty and submission to his wishes. The envoy presented a draft of the terms under which Ukraine was to become a vassal state of Turkey. This draft was based on almost the same ideas that Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytskyi formulated during the "War of Liberation." Lukas Bukryevych and Colonel Bilohrud of Uman, vested with extraordinary powers, laid down before the Sultan the following formula: 
1. The Ukrainian leaders and officers pledge themselves to fight the enemy of the Turks. 
2. The Ukrainian Hetman will stand on the Sultan's side when asked to do so or when the situation warrants it. 
3. Religion should not be sufficient reason for not fighting on the side of the Turks. 
4. The Hetman promises to stop the attacks of the Zaporozhian Kozaks against Turkey and her vassal states. 
5. Receiving the battle flag and the "bulava" (a sign of authority — just like a sceptre) from the Sultan does not mean complete subjugation to the Turks. 
6. Tartar soldiers are to aid Kozaks under the command of the Hetman. 
7. The Turks guarantee the safety of towns and villages from pillage. 
8. The Orthodox religion will be respected and Mosques will not be built in Ukraine. 
9. The Turk and Tartar armies are forbidden to obtain food supplies by force. The Hetman will designate the towns in which the Turks and Tartars can make their encampments. 
10. Ukraine is permitted to have foreign relations with other countries. 
11. No peace terms may be signed with Poland or Muscovy without the knowledge of the Hetman of Ukraine. 
12. Hetman Doroshenko is to be guaranteed rule over Ukraine.
13. Ukrainian boundaries are to be extended to Visla in the west to Putivil and Sivsk in the east, and to the Niman River in the north. 
14. Elections of the Hetman are to be free, and the Turks pledge themselves not to remove the Hetman. 
15. Guarantees of the freedom of religion, language, courts, and taxation.
Upon the acceptance of these requests the envoys swore fealty to the Sultan before the Patriarch of Constantinople in the name of Doroshenko. The Patriarch declared that anyone fighting against Doroshenko or not listening to him would be excluded from the Orthodox Church. Mohammed IV then dispatched a force of 6,000 Janissaries into Ukraine under Islam Ekman. Demetrius Centemer, a former prince of Moldavia, described the first meeting of Hetman Doroshenko and Sultan Mohammed IV in these words: 
"Among these was the Hetman himself, Doroshenko, whom the Sultan graciously receives, presents with a robe, and dismisses adorned with a Tug (horse tail) and Alem Sanjak in token of dominion, with a command to put an end to the robberies committed sometimes by the Kozaks even in the suburbs of Constantinople, to remain faithful to the Ottoman Empire, and turn their arms, hitherto very often pernicious to the Mussulmans, against their enemies. On the other hand, he promises, in case of war between them and the Poles or Muscovites, to assist them with all his forces and protect them from hostilities."
Thus with the exchange of pledges between Hetman Doroshenko and Sultan Mohammed IV, Ukraine and the Ottoman Empire entered into a hitherto unforeseeable alliance and proceeded to write a new chapter in the turbulent history of Ukraine. 

THE FIRST PHASE OF THE WAR WITH POLAND (1667-1672) 
The Turko-Ukrainian alliance at first was not as favourable as may be assumed. The alliance was entered into in 1669. Previous to this date Turkey had been afraid to embroil or commit herself in this part of Europe. At this time she was fighting a war with Venice, and there was a danger of Persian intervention. She did, however, dispatch groups of Janissaries which were to aid Doroshenko in his anti-Polish campaigns. Prior to the alliance Doroshenko was beset with an internal power struggle between himself and leaders who were self-proclaimed Hetmans (Mnohohrishny) or those who were supported by the Tartars (Sukhovii) or the Poles (Khanenko). 
Aware of Doroshenko's motives, Poland started troop movements into Ukraine and attempted to strengthen her garrisons. She hoped to break up Turko-Ukrainian negotiations through promises of concessions. Little came of this, however; but after 1667, when Sukhovii gave up his rights as Hetman of Zaporozhia to Khanenko, the latter allied himself with the Poles in return for much smaller concessions than those demanded by Doroshenko or Mnohohrishny.
Now, before the actual fall of Sukhovii, Doroshenko allied himself with the Bilhorod Tartars and the Nogai Tartars, both of which paid direct allegiance to the Sultan. The Crimean Tartars, however, pursuing an independent policy, supported Sukhovii and dispatched a 100,000-man army to his assistance. Doroshenko for a while faced certain defeat near Zhovti Vody. Help arrived from an unexpected quarter, however. Sirko, the "Koshovyi" (commander of the Sich) of the Zaporozhian Sich, an ardent enemy of the Tartars, attacked them, and together with Doroshenko's brother Hryhorii, inflicted heavy losses on the Crimean Tartars. Suchovii then laid down the "bulava" (symbol of power) and Doroshenko became Hetman of Zaporozhia. 
After these developments Doroshenko wrote to the Sultan, with whom talks had already begun, and complained about the Crimean Tartar designs in Ukraine. The Crimean Tartars, as already pointed out, were not in favour of a Ukrainian-Turkish-dominated vassal state. They hoped that Ukraine would become a Tartar vassal state, or at least a no-man's land upon which Tartar hordes could enrich themselves as they had done in the past. The Sultan, upon receiving Doroshenko's letter, ordered Khan Adel-Girey removed for his attempts to negate Turkish policy in Ukraine.
In 1667, in Crimea there were two parties of "murzas." One group was led by Islam-Aga, the son of the former ruler Sefer-kasi-aga who supported a pro-Russian orientation. The other group, which was much stronger, was headed by the "murzas" of Shyryn-bey. This group, after the murder of Muhamat-aga, the envoy to the Sich, urged a war against Russia and recognized Doroshenko as Hetman of Ukraine. Doroshenko, seeing the conflict between the two parties and a change of Tartar attitude, signed a treaty with them and thereby gained an alliance. 
It must be recalled that at this time (1668) Briukhovetskyi and Sirko had revolted against Russian encroachments. After Briukhovetskyi's unfortunate death Doroshenko was able to unite Ukraine. This unity was lost, however, once he and his armies left for the Right Bank, where the Poles had already initiated an attack. The selt-appomted Hetman Mnohohrishny of the Left Bank was dealt with in 1671, when Doroshenko, allied with the Silistrian Pasha, inflicted a tremendous rout on his supporters.
With the aid of the Tartars Doroshenko now proceeded to elect the Poles from Ukrainian lands. The Poles hoped to strengthen their positions m Ukraine and to carry out the provisions of the Treaty of Andrusovo. Their attempts were frustrated, however After many encounters with the Poles the Ukrainians advanced into Galicia with an army of 24,000 Kozaks, 3,000 Janissaries, and many Tartars. Field Marshall Sobieski was surrounded by the united armies near Pidhaici, but once again Sirko frustrated Doroshenko's plans. He made an attack on Perekop and northern Crimea and in this way created a diversionary action which enabled Sobieski to exploit this situation. The Tartars, who throughout history were very unreliable allies, now started independent peace negotiations with the Poles. This in effect put the Kozaks in a very unfavourable situation. They were therefore forced to sign the Treaty of Pidhaici, which stipulated that Doroshenko and the Kozaks were to remain under the Polish king, the Polish landowners were free to return to their estates, the Polish army was not to enter the Kozak territory, and the garrison of Bila Cerkva was to be reduced.
This left Doroshenko very much dissatisfied with the Tartar alliance. He even thought of a rapprochement with Moscow, but since the Russians had suffered a setback in Ukraine they were unwilling to work with an independent leader such as Doroshenko, and instead gave their support to Mnohohrishnyi.
Although the Treaty of Pidhaici was signed, it was never imple- mented. The Kozaks now laughed about the stipulation that the Polish landowners could return to their property. By this the Ukra- inians made their point — that the Treaty of Andrusovo would not be carried out and that the Poles would not be permitted to set foot on Kozak land.
After 1669 and the Turko-Ukrainian alliance, Doroshenko continued his attempt to clear Ukraine of Polish and Russian influence. He defeated Khanenko and in 1671 destroyed Mnohohrishnyi's army with the aid of the Silistrian Pasha. The Poles now began to feel quite insecure with Doroshenko's position as vassal of Turkey. Korowski, who in the middle of May of 1671 returned from a visit with the Pasha of Silistria, advised the following: 
"If you want peace with the Porte, and to protect yourself from Tartar attacks, you have to completely abandon Ukraine and the Kozaks, and you must stop regarding them as the Emperor's (Polish) serfs. Let not the foot of your armies tread there."
Now that Doroshenko became a vassal of Turkey he once more asked the Poles who initiated the peace discussions, that they return confiscated Orthodox churches, return Braclav and Kiev, give back money that they got from Hetman Teteria, grant amnesty to the Kozaks and recognize Doroshenko. Sobieski urged the Polish Seim to accept Doroshenko's demands but the Poles refused. The Turks, now regarding Ukraine as their vassal state, felt that the Poles were treading on Ottoman Sovereignty by setting foot in this part of the Ottoman Empire. Thus the ground was laid for a Turko-Polish War. 

THE SECOND PHASE OF THE WAR WITH POLAND (1672-1681) 
Now that Turkey's hands became free of other wars, Sultan Mohammed IV made the following declaration, in which he admonished the Poles for attacking the Kozaks who had taken refuge under the "shadow of our wings." He urged the Poles to: "Withdraw thy unjust hand from the Kozaks, recall your troops from their borders and beg our pardon." He further threatened them in the following manner: "Our law denounces against thee, death, against thy kingdom, devastation, against thy people, bonds." Two years before this declaration, war had once again broken out between Poland and Ukraine. Doroshenko once more signed a treaty with the Crimean Tartars. Sirko, to prevent the union of the armies of the Khan and Doroshenko, with the aid of Khanenko attacked Crimea and made the Tartars pledge to forsake Doroshenko and work against him. This event caused the Turks to remove Mahmed Girey from office. Thus with the Crimean Tartars isolated, Doroshenko with 4,000 Turks and Tartars and 5,000 Kalmuks took the town of Uman. To provide security for the Crimean Tartars the Turks now built a fortress at Shah Kerman near the Dnieper River area. In 1671 Doroshenko, together with Crimean and Bilohorod Tartars, as well as 1,000 Spahis, together numbering 40,000 troops, battled the Poles at Lysanka. The results of the battle, however, were inconclusive. In the same year in December, Doroshenko managed to secure a victory against the Poles in the Battle of Trostianets. In July of 1672, Doroshenko once again defeated the Polish army near Chetvertynsk. From there he marched to meet the Sultan, who was moving through Moldavia. 
On August 27, 1672, the Turkish army reached the area of Kamianets-Podilskyi and there united with Doroshenko. Together the united armies numbered approximately 300,000 men. The Turkish forces were commanded by Kaphan-pasha-Kalebi and the Tartars were led by Selim Girey. After the conquest of the fortress of Kamenets Podilskyi, the united armies occupied all of Podolia and exacted tribute from the besieged city of Lviv. The Sultan's armies soon reached Buchachiv and the Poles sued for peace. 
By the Treaty of Buchachiv the Poles promised to pay 25,000 aucats, give up Podolia, abandon Polish fortresses and forty-eight tow towns in Ukraine and to 'account as friends the Kozaks under Doroshenko and never more quarrel with them."" After this treaty was signed the Turklsh a convinced that the Poles would honour the treaty, left Ukraine. The Polish Seim, however, refused to honour this treaty and m 1673 hostilities were resumed. In that year a battle between the Poles and Turks took place but the results were inconclusive. In 1674 the Sultan dispatched yet another army under Kaphan-Pasha and captured the city of Khotyn. Doroshenko now advised the Turks to take the Zaporozhian Sich. Three thousand Janissaries were dispatched but the attempt proved to be a failure. In 1675 the Turks and Tartars were pushed out from the Lviv area, and in the same year the Russians advanced into the Right Bank. Sirko once again attacked Crimea. The pro-Doroshenko forces were weakened with the withdrawal of the Tartars, who once again retreated to the Crimea Peninsula. 
In 1675 Doroshenko, with most of his army no longer behind him, withdrew to Chyhyryn, the capital of Ukraine, and continued to resist for three years. Sirko now approached Doroshenko and asked him to remain Hetman of Ukraine. Although most of the officers were for Doroshenko, the Tsar reprimanded Sirko and did not recognize the oath that Doroshenko had given Sirko and the Kozak officers.
With Doroshenko's capitulation the Turks were reluctant to see all their gains lost. In 1677 they therefore brought back Iurii Khmelnytskyi from the monastery in Constantinople and proclaimed him "Duke of Little Russia." In this year they planned to take Chyhyryn so as to establish a base of operations, but this proved a failure. After suffering a defeat in this area at the hands of Hetman Samoilovych, who now ruled in place of Mnohohrishny, the Turks signed a treaty of peace with Russia in 1681. By this treaty they forced to give up their interests in western Ukraine. 

CONCLUSION 
To the very end Doroshenko retained the sympathy and support of the people who understood his intentions. It can be said that Hetman Doroshenko at no time retreated from his position. All through his rule he loyally followed in the footsteps of Hetman Khmelnytskyi and Vyhovskyi Unlike his opponents Khanenko, Sukhovn, and Mnohohrishnyi, Doroshenko worked for the good of the country. Belatedly, even Sirko realized this and offered his support, but his realization and support came too late, for by his attacks on Crimea he was perhaps most responsible for the defeat of Doroshenko.
Another factor that caused the fall of Doroshenko was the Orthodox faith. The Ukrainian Kozaks could not reconcile themselves with the Turks. It was beyond their comprehension that the ''Defenders of Orthodoxy" could join the "Busurman" (infidel) in a struggle against fellow Christians. The havoc that was caused by the Turks and Tartars while in Ukraine was also partly responsible for Doroshenko's fall. The Turks, disregarding their promises, built mosques and committed atrocities. The Tartars dragged thousands of people into slavery. On their way back from the siege of Lviv, for instance, the Tartars burned thirty-six towns and took the whole population of these towns into bondage.
The defeat of Doroshenko and attempts to place Iurii Khmelnytskyi in his place by the Turks brought about more shedding of blood. In 1678 the Turks once again attacked Chyhyryn and at the order of the Grand Vizir burned it to the ground. The fall of Chyhyryn became a symbol of the downfall of Kozak Ukraine to many contemporaries. One contemporary historian, Velychko, summarizes very well not only the destruction of Chyhyryn but also of Ukraine in the following lines: "And so fell and disappeared the beautiful Kozak Ukraine like unto ancient Babylon, the mighty city . . . because of their discord the Kozaks fell and all perished, having fought one against the other."
But it would be incorrect to maintain that any one factor was responsible for the destruction of the Ukrainian-Kozak State. Clearly, as one examines the events in Ukraine from 1648 up to the beginning of the 18th century, one notices that a prominent role in Ukraine is played by three of Europe's most powerful political entities: the Ottoman Empire, the Muscovite state, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Thus Ukraine during this time was the crossroad 
of Empires. Each one of these states then saw to it that the political equilibrium that existed under B. Khmelnytskyi should not be restored. Deprived of Khmelnytskyi's strong leadership the Kozak Host vacillated between different political orientations. This vacillation was to the advantage of the above-enumerated powers who in singular combat against the Kozak army, Poland and Russia especially, could not withstand the elemental force unleased by the Ukrainian War of Liberation.
It is of significance, if one examines the orientations and politics of the Hetmans of Ukraine, that most of them had pro-Polish or pro-Turkish sympathies. It is also significant that even the insignificant number of pro-Russian Hetmans, in most cases, abandoned and fought against the Russians. 
Finally, it must be again pointed out that Russia gained the upper hand in Ukraine not because of the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement, which remained a dead letter after the Andrusovo Truce of 1667 between Russia and Poland, but because it became the predominant military power in this area after 1681.

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